Is Combat Shooting a Martial Art?

The question of whether shooting qualifies as a martial art has sparked considerable debate among practitioners and scholars of both disciplines. Traditional martial arts, often characterized by their ancient origins, codified techniques, and philosophical underpinnings, seem worlds apart from the modern practice of combat shooting, which is typically associated with law enforcement, military training, and self-defense. Though seemingly disparate disciplines, combat shooting, and traditional martial arts, upon closer examination, reveal they share a multitude of commonalities that link them together as will be discussed here.

By examining the historical context, philosophical foundations, training methodologies, physical and technical aspects, and the ethical dimensions of both practices, we can better understand how shooting and traditional martial arts are intertwined. This article delves into these shared elements and explores the commonalities and differences between combat shooting and traditional martial arts, ultimately arguing that combat shooting can indeed be considered a martial art, particularly when viewed through the lens of its historical, philosophical, and practical components.

Historical Context - Evolution and Cultural Significance

Traditional martial arts have a rich history that spans centuries and many cultures and are deeply rooted in the history of human civilization. From the disciplined samurai of Japan practicing Kendo and Kyudo (the way of the bow) to the Shaolin monks of China mastering Chuan-Fa, these arts were initially developed as systems of combat but later, along with Japanese Karate, and Korean Taekwondo, they evolved as pathways to personal and spiritual growth. They encompass a wide range of practices, including striking, grappling, and the use of various weapons. Similarly, shooting has a long history - initially developed for hunting and later refined for military purposes. Firearms training became essential for soldiers, law enforcement, and armed civilians, evolving into a structured discipline that emphasized precision and control.

Shooting as a Martial Discipline - Integration of Weaponry

During the 17th century, commoners were banned from carrying weapons, so they improvised with farming tools to always have a weapon at their disposal. Some of the most popular weapons that began as farming equipment include the nunchaku, sai, and the bo. Each was a farming instrument that was adapted, out of need and necessity and transformed into a weapon. For example, the modern use of the bo is believed to have evolved from the long stick which was used by commoners to balance buckets, or baskets, across the middle of the back at the shoulders, to carry harvested crops, buckets of water, or fish.

Both combat shooting and martial arts have incorporated weapons as integral components in their training. Traditional martial arts often include weapon forms, such as the Japanese Kenjutsu (swordsmanship), Bojutsu (staff fighting), and Kyudo (archery). These practices emphasize the seamless integration of weapon techniques with unarmed combat skills. Similarly, combat shooting involves the mastery of various firearms, each requiring specific techniques and a complete understanding of their mechanics. The historical integration of weaponry in both fields underscores the importance of versatility and adaptability in combat.

Combat shooting has a long history, rooted in the need for protection and self-defense. The use of projectile weapons like bows and arrows dates to prehistoric times, while firearms became prominent during the Renaissance and late Middle Ages (1300-1500). In many cultures, the use of firearms was integrated into the existing martial traditions. For instance, the samurai of Japan adapted to the introduction of matchlock guns in the mid-1500s, and European knights incorporated muskets into their arsenals between 1420-1430. The development of marksmanship skills has always required rigorous training, discipline, and a strategic mindset, paralleling the qualities found in traditional martial arts.

Other examples of “weapons of war” being relegated to competition venues are the Olympic Games. Consider the discus, shotput, and javelin as examples of man-propelled projectiles. Look to Scotland and the Highland Games as here too, the hammer and other man-propelled weapons of war found their way into the competition setting. The martial origin of these “games”, in various societies, cultures, and places around the world, used these competitions as preparation and conditioning for battle, war, and self-defense.

Mental Discipline & Focus - Philosophical Foundations

Combat shooting and traditional martial arts both emphasize the importance of mental discipline and focus. In shooting, achieving precision requires the shooter to maintain a calm and concentrated mind, controlling their breathing, and, at times, even their heartbeat. During firearms training, many instructors teach students to perform what is generally called “scan and assess”. This ensures the student scans the area to their immediate front and periphery and then assesses the area behind them for additional threats or assistance. In addition, this movement helps in breaking up ‘tunnel vision’ and allows for a chance for the individual to focus on their environmental awareness. This mental clarity is akin to the focus required in martial arts, where practitioners must remain aware of their surroundings and anticipate their opponent’s moves. This is the concept of "zanshin" (‘remaining mind’) and denotes a state of awareness or relaxed alertness, which is equally applicable to combat shooting.

Another concept in traditional martial arts is "mushin" or "no mind," where the practitioner acts instinctively without conscious thought. This mental state is crucial for executing techniques with precision and timing. Similarly, combat shooting requires a high degree of mental focus and clarity. Shooters must maintain a calm and concentrated mind to achieve accuracy, particularly in high-stress situations. The ability to perform certain skills (i.e., reloading) without conscious thought can be crucial. Motor learning (i.e., muscle memory) will be discussed in another section.

Discipline and Personal Development

These two disciplines place a strong emphasis on discipline and personal development. Martial artists follow a structured training regimen that cultivates physical strength, agility, and mental resilience. This disciplined approach extends beyond the dojo, influencing the practitioner's daily life and interactions. Combat shooting also demands rigorous discipline, with practitioners dedicating significant time to perfecting their fundamentals and decision-making skills. The discipline acquired through regular practice in both fields fosters qualities such as patience, perseverance, and self-control.

Both combat shooting and martial arts can also be viewed as paths to personal development. Traditional martial arts aim to cultivate qualities such as perseverance, humility, and self-control. Practitioners strive to improve not just their physical skills but their overall character. Combat shooting, particularly in a disciplined and structured environment, fosters similar qualities. The patience required to improve marksmanship skills, the responsibility of handling a firearm, and the mental fortitude developed through practice all contribute to personal growth.

Training & Methodologies - Repetition and Motor Learning

A fundamental aspect of both combat shooting and traditional martial arts is the repetitive practice of techniques to build motor learning or, more commonly, muscle memory. In martial arts, students perform katas (pre-arranged sequences of movements) and drills to internalize techniques until they become second nature. Similarly, shooters engage in dry-fire practice and live-fire drills to develop consistency, speed, and accuracy. This emphasis on repetition not only hones physical skills but also cultivates discipline and patience. There has been some work done by firearms trainer Gabe Suarez in developing ‘katas’ specifically for handguns, which incorporate footwork and weapon manipulation skill development. Suarez also studies traditional martial arts, so this seemed like a natural progression. By repeatedly practicing the fundamentals and other weapon-handling skills, the shooter's ability to perform under pressure is enhanced.

The Instructor - Student Relationship

The relationship between instructor and student is another commonality and is pivotal in both disciplines. In martial arts, the sensei (teacher) plays a crucial role in guiding the student's development, correcting mistakes, and imparting wisdom. This mentorship is based on mutual respect and a shared commitment to mastering the art. In combat shooting, trainers fulfill a similar role, offering feedback, and fostering a disciplined approach to practice. The mentor-student dynamic in both fields highlights the importance of experienced guidance and the continuous pursuit of improvement.

Physical Aspects - Position and Breathing

Proper position and correct, controlled breathing are essential in both combat shooting and martial arts. In shooting, the stability of the stance can impact shot accuracy, and controlled breathing can help calm the shooter. In martial arts, a stable, balanced, and mobile stance is essential for executing techniques with power and precision. Techniques such as deep breathing and the use of "ki" (internal energy) are employed to maintain focus and enhance performance. Similarly, in combat shooting, a stable, balanced position, and correct breathing can be crucial for accuracy. In some cases, shooters may have to control their breathing to steady themselves and reduce the impact of body movement on the firearm. The emphasis on position and breathing in both fields underscores the importance of physical control and stability.

In many karate systems, (i.e., Goju Ryu, Uechi Ryu) proper breathing, balance, and muscle control is ‘tested’ during the performance of kata. In Goju, for example, Seisan Kata is generally considered a basic kata. It is done slowly, controlling the breath and muscle. Oftentimes, instructors will strike, push, etc., a student during the Kata to challenge a student’s concentration and balance. All this is to develop a strong position, breathing, and balance.

Precision & Control

Precision and control are fundamental to the effectiveness of both shooting and martial arts techniques. A martial artist must execute techniques - whether striking, blocking, or grappling - with accuracy and timing to be effective. The ability to control one's movements and apply the appropriate amount of force is essential for success. Similarly, a combat shooter must demonstrate precise control over their weapon - from grip to trigger pull - to strike their target with combat-effective hits. Both practices also require a thorough understanding of body mechanics and the ability to make subtle adjustments to improve performance.

Integration in Modern Practices - Tactical Training

In contemporary settings, the integration of martial arts principles into combat firearms training is increasingly common, especially in tactical and self-defense contexts. Law enforcement and military personnel often train in both hand-to-hand combat, or combatives, and firearms skills, recognizing the complementary nature of these disciplines. Techniques from martial arts can enhance close-quarters combat effectiveness while shooting skills provide a critical range advantage. This integration highlights the practical benefits of combining the physical and mental aspects of both disciplines.

Ethical and Philosophical Dimensions - Code of Conduct

Traditional martial arts are often governed by a code of conduct, such as the Bushido code, which emphasizes virtues like honor, courage, and respect. These ethical guidelines shape the practitioner’s character and behavior both in and out of the dojo. Shooting disciplines, especially those with a military or law enforcement background, also adhere to strict ethical standards. The responsible use of firearms, respect for life, and adherence to laws and safety protocols reflect a similar commitment to ethical conduct. Both fields emphasize the importance of integrity and responsibility. These standards are also shared with legally armed civilians who choose to go armed for self-protection.

Sport and Competition – The Good and the Bad

Like it or not, shooting and martial arts – both fighting arts – have evolved into competitive sports. I came up during the ‘Blood and Guts’ era of competitive karate and believe it was more beneficial to me in the long term than the competition events seen today. So too with shooting. Each discipline has established rules and governing bodies but, as soon as rules are implemented, the overall realism, and in most cases, effectiveness is diminished. High-tier shooting events (i.e., Olympics) and high-level martial arts competitions showcase the high degree of athletic skill and dedication required in each field. While the competitive aspect reinforces the discipline and precision needed to excel, it blurs the lines between gamesmanship and realistic training. However, competitions in both realms do provide a platform for practitioners to test their skills, learn from others, and continue their personal development.

Is Combat Shooting a Martial Art?

In conclusion, while combat shooting and traditional martial arts may appear distinct on the surface, they share numerous commonalities that justify calling combat shooting a martial art. Both disciplines emphasize discipline, precision, mental focus, and ethical conduct. The historical evolution of shooting, its integration with philosophical practices like Zen Buddhism, and its structured training regimens all align with the core principles of traditional martial arts. By recognizing these shared elements, we can appreciate combat shooting as not just a technical skill but a holistic practice that fosters personal and spiritual development. This broader perspective enriches our understanding of both fields and highlights the universal values that underpin all martial endeavors.

References

• Herrigel, E. (1999). Zen in the Art of Archery. Vintage Books.
• Funakoshi, G. (1975). Karate-Do: My Way of Life. Kodansha International.
• Smith, J. (2018). “The Mindset of a Marksman: Parallels between Shooting and Martial Arts.” Journal of Sports Psychology, 45(2), 123-135.
• Johnson, R. (2020). “Discipline and Focus: A Comparative Study of Traditional Martial Arts and Shooting Sports.” International Journal of Sports Science, 29(4), 234-250.
• International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) - issf-sports.org
• World Karate Federation (WKF) - wkf.net